Enhancing Immunisation Communication: Perspectives from Doctors and Vaccinators in Kano, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Despite the proven efficacy of vaccines in reducing child mortality, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like Nigeria face significant challenges in achieving universal immunisation coverage.

Objective: To explore the perceptions of paediatricians and vaccinators regarding communication barriers, vaccine hesitancy, and strategies to improve immunisation demand.

Methods: A Human-Centred Design (HCD) approach was employed, involving focus group discussions (FGDs), root problem analysis, downloading and brainstorming/ideation. The participants included 29 doctors (9 paediatricians and 20 medical officers caring for children) and 30 vaccinators drawn from 10 hospitals in Kano State, Nigeria. Data were analysed using grounded theory to identify key themes.

Results: The major challenges identified in achieving universal immunisation coverage included off-schedule vaccination (OSV), adverse events following immunisation (AEFI), caregiver misconceptions, and health system inefficiencies. Doctors reported confidence in discussing vaccines but cited time constraints and language barriers. Vaccinators identified maternal illiteracy, socioeconomic factors, and healthcare worker attitudes as key contributors to the lack of immunisation. Proposed solutions included enhanced training on AEFI communication, community engagement, women’s empowerment, and improved health system support.

Conclusion: Strengthening immunisation coverage and communication on immunisation requires multifaceted strategies, including provider training, community mobilisation, and systemic improvements. Addressing these barriers can enhance vaccine uptake and reduce child mortality in Nigeria.