Educational Series (Retinopathy of Prematurity, Approach to Malaria Control, Adenoidal Hypertrophy)

Abstract

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a preventable vasoproliferative disorder affecting the developing retina of preterm infants and remains a leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide. With rising neonatal survival in low- and middle-income countries like Nigeria, ROP incidence has increased, often due to inadequate screening and unregulated oxygen therapy. This review highlights the evolving epidemiology of ROP, particularly in Nigeria, and underscores key risk factors such as prematurity, oxygen misuse, sepsis, and poor weight gain. The paper outlines the pathogenesis, classification based on the International Classification of ROP (ICROP), and current management strategies, including laser therapy and anti-VEGF injections. Screening guidelines, especially Nigeria-specific protocols, are reviewed to emphasise timely detection. Prevention is anchored in optimised neonatal care and the "POINTS of Care" framework: Pain control, Oxygen management, Infection control, Nutrition, Temperature regulation, and Supportive care. Strengthening policy implementation, health system capacity and caregiver awareness is vital to reducing ROP-related blindness in Nigeria and similar contexts.