Spectrum of COVID-19 infection in children in Southern Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic that affects all age groups. Infected asymptomatic children can transmit the disease to vulnerable adults with co-morbidities resulting in severe disease in the latter. There are few reports of COVID-19 in children in Sub-Saharan Africa in general and in Nigeria in particular. Aim: To determine the prevalence, symptoms and risk factors for COVID-19 in Southern Nigerian
children.
Methods: This was a one-year retrospective cross-sectional study between April 2020 and March 2021. Data of all children tested for COVID-19 was extracted from the Epidemiology unit of Akwa Ibom state ministry of health. All patient identifiers were omitted and data was analyzed using STATA version 13.
Results: Two hundred and fiftyfive children (2.25%) out of a total of 11,289 people were tested for COVID-19. Fifty -four children (0.47%) of the total number of persons tested for COVID-19 were positive. Twenty one percent of the 255 children tested were positive for COVID-19. Two hundred and fifty- four (99.6%) of children that were tested had a positive history of contact with a confirmed COVID-19 case. Five (9.3%) of COVID-19 positive children were symptomatic. The commonest symptoms seen were Fever (90.9%), Anosmia (63.6%) and Aguesia (36.4%). Increasing age (15 years and above) was significantly associated with COVID-19 positivity (p=0.000). In addition, the presence of symptoms was significantly associated with COVID-19 positivity (p=0.04).
Conclusion/Recommendation: The prevalence of COVID-19 in Southern Nigerian children is low. Majority of the children have asymptomatic disease. Increasing age is significantly associated with COVID-19 positivity. We recommend increased COVID-19 testing in the general children population.
Keywords: COVID-19, Children, Nigeria, Prevalence, Symptoms